{"id":20616,"date":"2020-07-17T09:41:37","date_gmt":"2020-07-17T13:41:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.astrofisicamas.cl\/?p=20616"},"modified":"2023-07-19T02:28:07","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T02:28:07","slug":"variable-star-zoo-miles-de-nuevas-estrellas-variables-encontradas-por-ciudadanos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astrofisicamas.cl\/en\/variable-star-zoo-miles-de-nuevas-estrellas-variables-encontradas-por-ciudadanos\/","title":{"rendered":"Variable Star Zoo: miles de nuevas estrellas variables encontradas por ciudadanos"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[:en][three_fourth last=\u00bbno\u00bb spacing=\u00bbyes\u00bb center_content=\u00bbno\u00bb hide_on_mobile=\u00bbno\u00bb background_color=\u00bb\u00bb background_image=\u00bb\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbno-repeat\u00bb background_position=\u00bbleft top\u00bb hover_type=\u00bbnone\u00bb link=\u00bb\u00bb border_position=\u00bball\u00bb border_size=\u00bb0px\u00bb border_color=\u00bb\u00bb border_style=\u00bb\u00bb padding=\u00bb\u00bb margin_top=\u00bb\u00bb margin_bottom=\u00bb\u00bb animation_type=\u00bb\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bb\u00bb animation_speed=\u00bb0.1&#8243; animation_offset=\u00bb\u00bb class=\u00bb\u00bb id=\u00bb\u00bb][fusion_text]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>*<\/strong><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>By Manuela Zoccali, MAS Deputy Director<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/h4>\n<h4><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The most faithful of our followers might remember that in August 2018,&nbsp;<strong>the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS)&nbsp;<\/strong>launched a citizen science project through the international Zooniverse platform, the most relevant website on this topic (that kind of science where professionals\u2019 researchers and \u201cordinary\u201d citizens join strengths to solve scientific problems). The project is called&nbsp;<strong>Variable Star Zoo<\/strong>, and it was the first Chilean project on that website. The volunteers learned through an illustration that represented the variation in the brightness of a star in time. They were asked to classify the variable star type, comparing its luminosity pattern and the different types available.<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Last month, the project was completed. And it is a victory which we are very proud of. In less than two years, more than 5000 volunteers from Europe, India, the United States, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, among others (and Chile, of course) completed more than 860,000 classifications of 60,000 stars in total.<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">&nbsp;Not only was it an excellent contribution to science, but also, we wouldn\u2019t be able to do this on our own. We are excited to see the effect of bringing our job closer to thousands of people we cannot see and who had fun with us. We want to joyfully tell you, to our science colleagues, that this project works: it is a viable way. People, in general, like to get involved in the research. We were even asked by a Russian newspaper to review this project that stopped being ours to become a part of thousands! Maybe it surprised them that name of the postdoc in charge of the website, professor Lacerna from Universidad de Atacama, is Iv\u00e1n, like Iv\u00e1n the Great.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Why is it so essential to classify variable stars? And why do we need help from citizenship?&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">It is necessary to remind you that, when we stare at the sky, even using the most powerful telescope, the stars are nothing but lighted little dots. To study the Universe, we need to know about those small dots: how much energy they emit, what their distances are, how big and hot they are, where they are moving to, etc. Those are one of the questions that come up when we are observing a little dot that, honestly, in most cases, doesn\u2019t help us to answer those questions. Fortunately, among these many dots, there are some which pulsate. In their way, they wave to us in Morse code! All of the star astronomers are focused on them. The advantage is that we know this alphabet, and then these stars can tell us a lot about their stories. In fact, pulsating stars are in a life stage we know really well because only under certain physics conditions in their core they can pulsate. And we can have an answer because they do so.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The issue is to find the ones pulsating, which is not that easy as it might seem. One of the projects of the MAS institute studies the central region of our Galaxy called the bulge. With the VISTA telescope at Cerro Paranal near Antofagasta, we measure, precise and accurately, the luminosity of two billion stars in the bulge of our Galaxy, repeating the measurement 100 times within several years. If we compare these 100 measurements, it is pretty hard to isolate the stars presenting changes in their brightness.<\/p>\n<p>We already know something: They are two billion!&nbsp;<strong>The dark side is there exist different reasons to change the luminosity of a star in time, even the regular change, and not all of them are related to the situation in its inner part.&nbsp;<\/strong>For instance, some of them change because they are two, revolving around each other, and are constantly eclipsing each other. Those are telling us nothing about their inner part. The last step then is to recognize, among every star presenting changes in its brightness, those which are pulsating stars, and how do we recognize them? Because of the pattern they follow when they increase or decrease their brightness.<\/p>\n<p><strong>And here is the complicated issue. Who on earth watches the brightness variation pattern of two billion stars? A possible answer is: an astronomy student! And it was the first thought that came to my mind. Unfortunately, that relies on the definition of torture in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and it is ruled out. The other possibility is: a computer. Even though any computer is safe and super-fast calculating numbers, its ability to identify patterns is lower than a human brain. <\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Everybody had been asked to identify some letters or find pictures with cars to prove that \u201cI\u2019m not a robot\u201d to log in to a website. We can identify the computers because they can\u2019t tell the difference between patterns, which any human can do it without even think about it. Our problem is that we are way slower, and we got bored easily. But if many humans can work on that, all together are faster and more accurate than a computer. That is why is one of the most significant values of citizen science.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Due to the people&#8217;s contributions in the project Variable Star Zoo, we know that inside of 60 thousand variable stars we ran tests on, eight thousand are very old stars, pulsating in a narrow period. The computer had identified less than four thousand. These stars allow us to write a 3D map of our Galaxy&#8217;s central region on how was that part when it born. Many others turned out to be very young stars, with periods of several days located in regions where the gas has become stars in recent epochs. Those stars teach us the process of star formation. There are also very odd stars that a computer won\u2019t ever identify because we didn\u2019t know they existed, and then we won\u2019t be able to explain how to search them. A star got weaker and weaker as the observation time passed until it got 100 times weaker than it was at first. We still don\u2019t know which object is that one, but now that we know it exists, we can better analyze it. And without a doubt, we will learn something new from it. We have a lot of work to do!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">As always, the experience of getting astronomy closer to citizenship is fulfilling for both sides. <\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">We, the Variable Star Zoo project researchers, are so grateful to the more than 5000 volunteers who work next to us. Thank you! About that, we wanted to thank personally the Chilean volunteers who did a really high number of classifications, and a year ago we invited them to the UC observatory. It was a fun night, in which we discovered, among other things, that our project was helpful to motivate a young lady who was in treatment of cancer, who couldn\u2019t leave her house. This activity was before we all have to be isolated at home. Now she recovered: A tight hug, C.A, we won\u2019t forget about you!<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Picture: Milky Way above Paranal Credits ESO\/J.Colosimo<\/em>[\/fusion_text][\/three_fourth][one_fourth last=\u00bbyes\u00bb spacing=\u00bbyes\u00bb center_content=\u00bbno\u00bb hide_on_mobile=\u00bbno\u00bb background_color=\u00bb\u00bb background_image=\u00bb\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbno-repeat\u00bb background_position=\u00bbleft top\u00bb hover_type=\u00bbnone\u00bb link=\u00bb\u00bb border_position=\u00bball\u00bb border_size=\u00bb0px\u00bb border_color=\u00bb\u00bb border_style=\u00bb\u00bb padding=\u00bb\u00bb margin_top=\u00bb\u00bb margin_bottom=\u00bb\u00bb animation_type=\u00bb\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bb\u00bb animation_speed=\u00bb0.1&#8243; animation_offset=\u00bb\u00bb class=\u00bb\u00bb id=\u00bb\u00bb][testimonials design=\u00bbclassic\u00bb backgroundcolor=\u00bb\u00bb textcolor=\u00bb\u00bb random=\u00bb\u00bb class=\u00bb\u00bb id=\u00bb\u00bb][testimonial name=\u00bbManuela Zoccali, MAS Deputy Director\u00bb avatar=\u00bbnone\u00bb image=\u00bb\u00bb image_border_radius=\u00bb\u00bb company=\u00bb\u00bb link=\u00bb\u00bb target=\u00bb_self\u00bb]Last month, the project was completed and is a victory of which we feel especially proud.[\/testimonial][\/testimonials][\/one_fourth][one_third last=\u00bbyes\u00bb spacing=\u00bbyes\u00bb center_content=\u00bbno\u00bb hide_on_mobile=\u00bbno\u00bb background_color=\u00bb\u00bb background_image=\u00bb\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbno-repeat\u00bb background_position=\u00bbleft top\u00bb hover_type=\u00bbnone\u00bb link=\u00bb\u00bb border_position=\u00bball\u00bb border_size=\u00bb0px\u00bb border_color=\u00bb\u00bb border_style=\u00bb\u00bb padding=\u00bb\u00bb margin_top=\u00bb\u00bb margin_bottom=\u00bb\u00bb animation_type=\u00bb\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bb\u00bb animation_speed=\u00bb0.1&#8243; animation_offset=\u00bb\u00bb class=\u00bb\u00bb id=\u00bb\u00bb][\/one_third][:es][three_fourth last=\u00bbno\u00bb spacing=\u00bbyes\u00bb center_content=\u00bbno\u00bb hide_on_mobile=\u00bbno\u00bb background_color=\u00bb\u00bb background_image=\u00bb\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbno-repeat\u00bb background_position=\u00bbleft top\u00bb hover_type=\u00bbnone\u00bb link=\u00bb\u00bb border_position=\u00bball\u00bb border_size=\u00bb0px\u00bb border_color=\u00bb\u00bb border_style=\u00bb\u00bb padding=\u00bb\u00bb margin_top=\u00bb\u00bb margin_bottom=\u00bb\u00bb animation_type=\u00bb\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bb\u00bb animation_speed=\u00bb0.1&#8243; animation_offset=\u00bb\u00bb class=\u00bb\u00bb id=\u00bb\u00bb][fusion_text]<\/p>\n<h4><strong><em>*Por Manuela Zoccali, subdirectora MAS<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Los m\u00e1s apegados de nuestros seguidores quiz\u00e1s recuerden que en agosto 2018, el<strong> Instituto Milenio de Astrof\u00edsica (MAS)<\/strong> lanz\u00f3 un proyecto de Ciencia Ciudadana en la plataforma internacional Zooniverse, la m\u00e1s importante en este rubro (esa ciencia donde investigadores y ciudadanos \u201cde a pie\u201d unen fuerzas para resolver un problema cient\u00edfico). Se llamaba <strong>Variable Star Zoo<\/strong> y fue el primer proyecto chileno en ese portal. Se les ense\u00f1aba a los voluntarios una gr\u00e1fica que representaba la variaci\u00f3n de brillo de una estrella a lo largo del tiempo, y se les ped\u00eda que establecieran de qu\u00e9 tipo de estrella variable se trataba, comparando su patr\u00f3n de luminosidad con varios ejemplos disponibles.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>El mes pasado el proyecto fue completado, y es un triunfo del que nos sentimos especialmente orgullosos. En poco menos de 2 a\u00f1os, m\u00e1s de 5000 voluntarios se conectaron desde Europa, India, Estados Unidos, Brasil, M\u00e9xico, Canad\u00e1, entre otros (y por supuesto Chile) \u2026 y completaron m\u00e1s de 860,000 clasificaciones por un total de sesenta mil estrellas.<\/strong> No solo hubo aqu\u00ed un tremendo aporte cient\u00edfico, nosotros no habr\u00edamos sido capaces de hacer esto solos, sino que adem\u00e1s nos ha emocionado ver el efecto de acercar nuestro quehacer a miles de personas que no vemos y que disfrut\u00f3 junto con nosotros. A los colegas cient\u00edficos que nos leen, queremos contarles con mucha alegr\u00eda que esto funciona: es un camino posible. En general a la gente le gusta tener la oportunidad de involucrarse en la investigaci\u00f3n. \u00a1Hasta nos contactaron desde un diario ruso para hacer una rese\u00f1a sobre este proyecto, que dej\u00f3 de ser nuestro para ser de miles! Quiz\u00e1s les llam\u00f3 la atenci\u00f3n que el postdoc a cargo de la p\u00e1gina, el ahora profesor Lacerna en la Universidad de Atacama, se llama Iv\u00e1n, como Ivan el Grande.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 es tan importante clasificar estrellas variables? y \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 se necesita ayuda de la ciudadan\u00eda?<\/strong> Es \u00fatil recordar que, cuando miramos el cielo, a\u00fan con el m\u00e1s poderoso de los telescopios, las estrellas no son nada m\u00e1s que puntitos luminosos. Para estudiar el universo, de esos puntitos, necesitamos saber: cuanta energ\u00eda emiten, a qu\u00e9 distancia se encuentran, qu\u00e9 tan grandes son, qu\u00e9 tan calientes son, hacia donde se mueven, etc.&nbsp; Esas son algunas de las preguntas que tenemos cuando observamos un puntito que, sinceramente, en la mayor\u00eda de los casos no nos ayuda mucho, para responderlas. Por suerte, entre los muchos puntitos hay algunos que pulsan. A su manera, \u00a1nos hacen se\u00f1as en alfabeto Morse! Toda la atenci\u00f3n de los astr\u00f3nomos de estrellas est\u00e1 focalizada en ellos. La gracia es que ese alfabeto lo conocemos, y entonces esas estrellas pueden contarnos much\u00edsimo de su historia. En efecto, las estrellas que pulsan est\u00e1n en una etapa de su vida que conocemos muy bien, porque solamente bajo ciertas condiciones f\u00edsicas de su interior, llegan a pulsar. Para ellas, y por el hecho que pulsan, podemos tener la respuesta a varias de las preguntas de arriba.<\/p>\n<p>El problema es encontrar a las que pulsan, que no es tan f\u00e1cil como podr\u00eda parecer. Uno de los proyectos del instituto MAS estudia la regi\u00f3n central de nuestra Galaxia, denominada bulbo. Con el telescopio VISTA, en Cerro Paranal cerca de Antofagasta, medimos, con precisi\u00f3n de mil\u00e9simas, la luminosidad de dos mil millones de estrellas de bulbo de nuestra galaxia, repitiendo la medici\u00f3n 100 veces a lo largo de varios a\u00f1os. Si comparamos las 100 mediciones, es bastante f\u00e1cil aislar las estrellas cuyo brillo cambi\u00f3. Ya sabemos algo: \u00a1son dos millones! <strong>Lo malo es que existen distintas razones porque la luminosidad de una estrella puede cambiar en el tiempo, incluso de forma regular, y no todas tienen relaci\u00f3n con lo que pasa en su interior.<\/strong> Algunas, por ejemplo, var\u00edan porque son dos estrellas, orbitando una alrededor de la otra, que peri\u00f3dicamente se eclipsan. \u00c9sas no nos dicen nada sobre su interior. El \u00faltimo paso, entonces es reconocer, entre todas las que cambian su brillo, aquellas que pulsan \u00bfy c\u00f3mo las reconocemos? Por el patr\u00f3n que siguen cuando aumentan y disminuyen su brillo.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Y aqu\u00ed llegamos al problema complicado. \u00bfQui\u00e9n mira el patr\u00f3n de variaci\u00f3n de brillo de dos millones de estrellas? Una respuesta posible es: \u00a1un alumno de astronom\u00eda! Y fue lo primero que pens\u00e9. Lamentablemente eso cae expl\u00edcitamente bajo la definici\u00f3n de tortura en la declaraci\u00f3n universal de los derechos humanos, y queda descartado. La otra posibilidad es: un computador. Pero si bien cualquier computador es seguro y rapid\u00edsimo para calcular n\u00fameros, su habilidad para reconocer patrones es muy, muy inferior a la de un cerebro humano.<\/strong> A todos se nos ha pedido reconocer un conjunto de letras, o buscar en cuales im\u00e1genes aparecen autos, para demonstrar que \u201cno soy un robot\u201d al acceder a alguna p\u00e1gina web. Pillamos a los computadores por ese problemilla que tienen para reconocer patrones, cosa que cualquier humano hace sin pensarlo. Nuestro problema es que somos mucho m\u00e1s lentos, y nos aburrimos r\u00e1pidamente. Pero si podemos trabajar muchos humanos, todos juntos somos r\u00e1pidos y m\u00e1s certeros que un computador. De ah\u00ed uno de los grandes valores de la ciencia ciudadana.<\/p>\n<p>Gracias al aporte de la gente en el proyecto Variable Star Zoo, ahora sabemos que dentro de las 60 mil estrellas variables que sometimos a an\u00e1lisis, ocho mil son estrellas muy viejas y que pulsan con un per\u00edodo de pocas horas. El computador hab\u00eda identificado menos de cuatro mil. \u00c9stas nos permiten construir un mapa 3D de la regi\u00f3n central de nuestra galaxia, como era esa parte de la V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea cuando reci\u00e9n se form\u00f3. Varias otras resultaron ser estrellas muy j\u00f3venes, con per\u00edodos de varios d\u00edas, que se encuentran en regiones donde el gas se ha convertido en estrellas en \u00e9pocas muy recientes. Esas nos permiten aprender sobre el proceso de formaci\u00f3n de las estrellas. Tambi\u00e9n hay algunas que son rar\u00edsimas, y que un computador no habr\u00eda identificado nunca porque no sab\u00edamos que exist\u00edan, y por lo tanto no habr\u00edamos sabido explicarle c\u00f3mo buscarlas. Hay una estrella que se fue poniendo m\u00e1s y m\u00e1s d\u00e9bil a lo largo de todo el tiempo de observaci\u00f3n, hasta quedar 100 veces m\u00e1s d\u00e9bil de lo que era al principio. A\u00fan no sabemos qu\u00e9 objeto ser\u00e1 ese, pero ahora que sabemos que existe podemos estudiarlo mejor, y sin duda aprenderemos algo nuevo de \u00e9l. \u00a1Tenemos mucho trabajo!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Como siempre, la experiencia de acercar la ciencia a la ciudadan\u00eda es enriquecedora para ambos lados.<\/strong> Nosotros, los investigadores del proyecto Variable Star Zoo, estamos muy agradecidos con esos m\u00e1s de 5000 voluntarios que trabajaron junto con nosotros. \u00a1GRACIAS! A prop\u00f3sito, quisimos agradecer personalmente a los voluntarios chilenos que realizaron un n\u00famero muy alto de clasificaciones, y hace un a\u00f1o los invitamos al observatorio docente de la UC. Fue una noche entretenida, en la que descubrimos, entre otras cosas, que nuestro proyecto sirvi\u00f3 para entretener y motivar a una joven en tratamiento de c\u00e1ncer, que no pod\u00eda salir de su casa. Esto mucho antes que todos tuvi\u00e9ramos que vivir el estar confinados en la casa. Ahora est\u00e1 recuperada: \u00a1un abrazo C.A., no nos olvidamos de ti!<\/p>\n<p><em>Foto: V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea sobre Paranal Cr\u00e9dito ESO\/J. Colosimo<\/em>[\/fusion_text][\/three_fourth][one_fourth last=\u00bbyes\u00bb spacing=\u00bbyes\u00bb center_content=\u00bbno\u00bb hide_on_mobile=\u00bbno\u00bb background_color=\u00bb\u00bb background_image=\u00bb\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbno-repeat\u00bb background_position=\u00bbleft top\u00bb hover_type=\u00bbnone\u00bb link=\u00bb\u00bb border_position=\u00bball\u00bb border_size=\u00bb0px\u00bb border_color=\u00bb\u00bb border_style=\u00bb\u00bb padding=\u00bb\u00bb margin_top=\u00bb\u00bb margin_bottom=\u00bb\u00bb animation_type=\u00bb\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bb\u00bb animation_speed=\u00bb0.1&#8243; animation_offset=\u00bb\u00bb class=\u00bb\u00bb id=\u00bb\u00bb][testimonials design=\u00bbclassic\u00bb backgroundcolor=\u00bb\u00bb textcolor=\u00bb\u00bb random=\u00bb\u00bb class=\u00bb\u00bb id=\u00bb\u00bb][testimonial name=\u00bbManuela Zoccali, subdirectora MAS\u00bb avatar=\u00bbnone\u00bb image=\u00bb\u00bb image_border_radius=\u00bb\u00bb company=\u00bb\u00bb link=\u00bb\u00bb target=\u00bb_self\u00bb]El mes pasado el proyecto fue completado, y es un triunfo del que nos sentimos especialmente orgullosos. [\/testimonial][\/testimonials][\/one_fourth][one_third last=\u00bbyes\u00bb spacing=\u00bbyes\u00bb center_content=\u00bbno\u00bb hide_on_mobile=\u00bbno\u00bb background_color=\u00bb\u00bb background_image=\u00bb\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbno-repeat\u00bb background_position=\u00bbleft top\u00bb hover_type=\u00bbnone\u00bb link=\u00bb\u00bb border_position=\u00bball\u00bb border_size=\u00bb0px\u00bb border_color=\u00bb\u00bb border_style=\u00bb\u00bb padding=\u00bb\u00bb margin_top=\u00bb\u00bb margin_bottom=\u00bb\u00bb animation_type=\u00bb\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bb\u00bb animation_speed=\u00bb0.1&#8243; animation_offset=\u00bb\u00bb class=\u00bb\u00bb id=\u00bb\u00bb][\/one_third][:]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[:en][three_fourth last=\u00bbno\u00bb spacing=\u00bbyes\u00bb center_content=\u00bbno\u00bb hide_on_mobile=\u00bbno\u00bb background_color=\u00bb\u00bb background_image=\u00bb\u00bb background_repeat=\u00bbno-repeat\u00bb background_position=\u00bbleft top\u00bb hover_type=\u00bbnone\u00bb link=\u00bb\u00bb border_position=\u00bball\u00bb border_size=\u00bb0px\u00bb border_color=\u00bb\u00bb border_style=\u00bb\u00bb padding=\u00bb\u00bb margin_top=\u00bb\u00bb margin_bottom=\u00bb\u00bb animation_type=\u00bb\u00bb animation_direction=\u00bb\u00bb animation_speed=\u00bb0.1&#8243; animation_offset=\u00bb\u00bb class=\u00bb\u00bb id=\u00bb\u00bb][fusion_text] *By Manuela Zoccali, MAS Deputy Director The most faithful of our followers might remember that in August 2018,&nbsp;the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS)&nbsp;launched a citizen&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":27607,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[59,23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-columnas","category-noticias"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - 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