{"id":5102,"date":"2016-01-14T13:43:44","date_gmt":"2016-01-14T16:43:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.astrofisica.cl\/?p=5102"},"modified":"2016-01-14T13:43:44","modified_gmt":"2016-01-14T16:43:44","slug":"descubren-explosion-cosmica-que-seria-la-supernova-mas-luminosa-conocida-hasta-ahora","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astrofisicamas.cl\/en\/descubren-explosion-cosmica-que-seria-la-supernova-mas-luminosa-conocida-hasta-ahora\/","title":{"rendered":"[:en]Cosmic explosion discovered would be the brightest supernova ever seen[:es]Descubren explosi\u00f3n c\u00f3smica que ser\u00eda la Supernova m\u00e1s luminosa conocida hasta ahora[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"

[:en]<\/p>\n

It would be 20 times brighter at its peak than the light of the Milky Way and 200 times brighter than a normal supernova explosion. This study was published in the January 15th edition of the prestigious journal Science.
\n<\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

As the saying goes, records are made to be broken, but they are rarely shattered like this. In June 2015, an international team of astronomers, including Jose Luis Prieto from the Astronomy Nuclei of Universidad Diego Portales and from the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics MAS, discovered a cosmic explosion 200 times more powerful than a typical supernova explosion \u2013events that are amongst the most powerful ones in the Universe\u2013 and twice brighter than the previous record-holder.<\/p>\n

At its peak, the explosion \u2013named ASASSN-15lh\u2013 was 570 billion times brighter than the Sun. And as if this statistics were not impressive enough, we need to consider that this luminosity corresponds approximately to 20 times the combined light of the Milky Way galaxy\u2019s 100 billion stars.<\/p>\n

The record explosion of ASASSN-15lh is an example of a type of supernovae known as \u2018Superluminous Supernovae\u2019. These extremely rare stellar explosions that determine the death for some stars were only discovered during the last years and they have only been studied in details recently. In fact, scientists still don\u2019t know what type of stars and explosions produce these extreme supernovae.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Cassius\"<\/a><\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n

As it is described in the January 15th edition of the journal Science, ASASSN-15lh is one of the closest Superluminous Supernovae ever seen until now: located 3.8 billion light-years away. Thus, given its relative closeness and brightness, ASASSN-15lh might offer essential clues to understand these explosions.<\/p>\n

\u201cASASSN-15lh is the most luminous supernova ever seen in human history,\u201d states the principal investigator from this article, Subo Dong, Astronomer and Professor at Peking University\u2019s Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics (KIAA). \u201cThe explosion’s mechanism and power source remain shrouded in mystery because all known theories meet serious challenges in explaining the immense amount of energy ASASSN-15lh has radiated.\u00bb<\/p>\n

In June 2015, the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) Project found ASASSN-15lh using twin 14-centimeter diameter lens telescopes in Cerro Tololo Observatory, Chile. ASAS-SN is an international collaboration project led by astronomers at Ohio State University in USA and it also includes astronomers from Chile, China, England and Australia. This is the first astronomical project in history that automatically surveys the entire visible sky every two nights searching for objects that suddenly vary in brightness, known in astronomy as \u2018transient objects\u2019, like ASASSN-15lh.<\/p>\n

Since its discovery, many space and earth-based telescopes \u2013including NASA\u2019s Swift space telescope\u2013 have been part of an observational campaign that has continued up to this day. Only in four months after the explosion, ASASSN-15lh radiated such an immense amount of energy that it would take 90 billion years to the Sun to radiate. Consequently, studying in details the evolution of this event in function of time, astronomers have been able to understand some basic characteristics of this explosion.<\/p>\n

The detailed study of ASASSN-15lh has shown that this explosion is consistent with a type of Superluminous Supernovae that lacks of hydrogen \u2013the most abundant element in the Universe\u2013 in its spectra: Type I Superluminous Supernovae. Moreover, in other characteristics beyond its massive luminosity, ASASSN-15lh presents differences when it\u2019s compared to other Superluminous Supernovae from the same type. Since its discovery, it has maintained a temperature higher than other objects of its type. Its host galaxy is very different from the other galaxies where these types of explosions have been found. A galaxy much brighter and bigger than the Milky Way, and apparently that it\u2019s forming just a few new stars. There\u2019s also another possibility that considers that ASASSN-15lh exploded in a small galaxy that seemed to align with a larger one, which can be studied more clearly from the images obtained up to this day. These and other questions will be explained in the following months thanks to observations from Hubble Telescope, a partnership with ASAS-SN.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"ASASSN-15lh_imagen\"<\/a><\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n

One of the most plausible and studied hypotheses presented now to explain the immense amount of energy radiated by Superluminous Supernovae is a massive dying star whose nucleus collapses and forms a magnetar, a highly magnetized and fast-spinning neutron star. In the creation of this magnetar \u2013a dying star\u2019 super-compact core\u2013 the outer layers of this massive star rebound with the core and go flying outward in high speed generating a very luminous supernovae explosion to which the magnetar\u2019s rotational energy connects.<\/p>\n

ASASSN-15lh has radiated so much energy that even the most accepted scenario to explain Superluminous Supernovae might not be the correct one. Instead, it is possible that supernovae like ASASSN-15lh can be the result of supermassive stars\u2019 death or that this massive explosion\u2019s mechanism is completely different from other superluminous supernovae\u2019s. \u201cThe honest answer is that at this point we do not know what\u2019s ASASSN-15lh\u2019s source of power,\u201d states Dong. \u201cIt really is a fascinating and unique object. We hope to get some answers with the observations that we are going to get next year,\u201d says Prieto.<\/p>\n

Main Image:<\/strong>\u00a0An artist\u2019s impression of the record \u2013 breakingly powerful, superluminous supernova ASASSN \u2013 15lh as it would appear from an exoplanet located about 10,000 light years away. (Credit: Beijing Planetarium \/ Jin Ma)<\/em><\/h6>\n
Image 1:<\/strong>\u00a0Two of the 14-centimeter diameter lens telescopes in use for the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-NS) that discovered ASASSN-15lh in June 2015 in Cerro Tololo, Chile. Since this photo was taken, two more telescopes have been added to obtain images of all Southern hemisphere sky from Cerro Tololo. (Credit: Wayne Rosing)<\/em><\/h6>\n
Image 2:<\/strong>\u00a0Left: Image taken by the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) showing the host galaxy before the explosion of ASASSN-15lh. Right:\u00a0Image showing ASASSN-15lh supernova taken by a 1-meter telescope in Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (LCOGTN). (Credit: The Dark Energy Survey, B. Shappee and ASAS-SN Project)<\/em><\/h6>\n

More Information:<\/b><\/p>\n

ASAS-SN Project web page<\/a><\/p>\n

Extended Press Release<\/a>[:es]<\/p>\n

Ser\u00eda 20 veces m\u00e1s luminosa que el total de la V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea en su m\u00e1ximo de intensidad y 200 veces m\u00e1s luminosa que una explosi\u00f3n de supernova normal. El estudio fue publicado en la edici\u00f3n de 15 de Enero de la prestigiosa Revista Science.\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Los r\u00e9cords est\u00e1n hechos para romperse, como dice el dicho, pero raramente quedan hechos polvo. En junio de 2015 un grupo internacional de astr\u00f3nomos, incluyendo a Jose Luis Prieto del N\u00facleo de Astronom\u00eda de la Universidad Diego Portales y del Instituto Milenio de Astrof\u00edsica MAS, descubrieron una explosi\u00f3n c\u00f3smica 200 veces m\u00e1s poderosa que una explosi\u00f3n de supernova t\u00edpica \u2013 eventos que est\u00e1n entre lo m\u00e1s energ\u00e9ticos del Universo \u2013 y m\u00e1s de dos veces m\u00e1s luminosa que el r\u00e9cord anterior.<\/p>\n

En su m\u00e1ximo de intensidad, la explosi\u00f3n \u2013 llamada ASASSN-15lh \u2013 lleg\u00f3 a ser 570 mil millones de veces m\u00e1s brillante que el Sol. Como si esta estad\u00edstica no fuera impresionante, se debe considerar que esta luminosidad corresponde a aproximadamente 20 veces la luminosidad total de la V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea, compuesta por 100 mil millones de estrellas.<\/p>\n

La explosi\u00f3n r\u00e9cord de ASASSN-15lh es un ejemplo de un tipo de supernovas conocidas como supernovas superluminosas. Estas explosiones estelares, extremadamente poco frecuentes y que marcan la muerte de algunas estrellas, fueron descubiertas en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os y s\u00f3lo han sido estudiadas en detalle recientemente. De hecho, los cient\u00edficos todav\u00eda no saben qu\u00e9 tipos de estrellas y qu\u00e9 tipos de explosiones producen estas supernovas extremas.<\/p>\n

\"Cassius\"<\/a>
Imagen 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Como es descrito en el art\u00edculo publicado en la edici\u00f3n del 15 de Enero de la revista Science<\/i>, ASASSN-15lh es una de las supernovas superluminosas m\u00e1s cercanas que se han descubierto hasta ahora, a una distancia de 3.800 millones de a\u00f1os luz. Dada su relativa cercan\u00eda y brillo, ASASSN-15lh podr\u00eda ofrecer pistas claves para poder entender estas explosiones.<\/p>\n

\u201cASASSN-15lh es la supernova m\u00e1s luminosa que se ha descubierto en la historia de la humanidad\u201d, comenta el autor principal del art\u00edculo, Subo Dong, astr\u00f3nomo y profesor en el Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics (KIAA) de la Universidad de Peking. \u201cTodav\u00eda no sabemos el mecanismo que produjo la explosi\u00f3n ni su fuente principal de energ\u00eda ya que todas las teor\u00edas que existen hasta ahora encuentran serios problemas para explicar la cantidad total de energ\u00eda que ha radiado ASASSN-15lh\u201d.<\/p>\n

ASASSN-15lh fue encontrada en junio de 2015 por el proyecto All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) usando telescopios gemelos de 14 cent\u00edmetros de di\u00e1metro instalados en el observatorio de Cerro Tololo en Chile. ASAS-SN es una colaboraci\u00f3n internacional liderada por astr\u00f3nomos en Ohio State University en Estados Unidos y que incluye adem\u00e1s astr\u00f3nomos en Chile, China, Inglaterra y Australia. Es el primer proyecto astron\u00f3mico en la historia que escanea autom\u00e1ticamente todo el cielo cada dos noches buscando objetos que var\u00edan en brillo de forma repentina, conocidos en astronom\u00eda como \u201cobjetos transientes\u201d, como fue el caso de ASASSN-15lh.<\/p>\n

Desde su descubrimiento, muchos telescopios en la Tierra y espaciales, incluyendo el telescopio espacial de la NASA Swift, han sido parte de una campa\u00f1a observacional que ha continuado hasta el d\u00eda de hoy. En s\u00f3lo los primeros cuatro meses despu\u00e9s de la explosi\u00f3n, ASASSN-15lh emiti\u00f3 tanta energ\u00eda que tomar\u00eda a nuestro Sol 90 mil millones de a\u00f1os en emitir. Examinando en detalle la evoluci\u00f3n del evento en funci\u00f3n del tiempo, los astr\u00f3nomos han podido entender algunas caracter\u00edsticas b\u00e1sicas de la explosi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

El estudio detallado de ASASSN-15lh ha mostrado que esta explosi\u00f3n es consistente con un tipo de supernovas superluminosas que no contienen hidr\u00f3geno, el elemento m\u00e1s abundante en el universo, en su espectro, conocidas como supernovas superluminosas de Tipo I. Sin embargo, en otras caracter\u00edsticas m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de su inmensa luminosidad, ASASSN-15lh presenta diferencias cuando se le compara con otras supernovas superluminosas de la misma clase. Ha mantenido una temperatura mucho m\u00e1s alta que otros objetos de su clase desde su descubrimiento. La galaxia que la alberga es bastante diferente de todas las otras galaxias donde se han encontrado este tipo de explosiones. Se trata de una galaxia que es mucho m\u00e1s luminosa y de mayor tama\u00f1o que la V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea, y al parecer est\u00e1 formando pocas estrellas nuevas. Tambi\u00e9n existe la posibilidad de que la galaxia donde realmente explot\u00f3 ASASSN-15lh sea una galaxia peque\u00f1a compa\u00f1era de la galaxia gigante que podemos estudiar m\u00e1s claramente en las im\u00e1genes obtenidas hasta ahora. \u00c9stas y otras interrogantes se podr\u00e1n clarificar con observaciones que ser\u00e1n obtenidas en los pr\u00f3ximos meses por la colaboraci\u00f3n de ASAS-SN usando el telescopio espacial Hubble.<\/p>\n

\"ASASSN-15lh_imagen\"<\/a>
Imagen 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Una de las mejores y m\u00e1s estudiadas hip\u00f3tesis que existen actualmente para explicar la gran cantidad de energ\u00eda que emiten las supernovas superluminosas es debido a la muerte de una estrella masiva cuyo n\u00facleo colapsa formando un magnetar, una estrella de neutrones que est\u00e1 altamente magnetizada y rota muy r\u00e1pidamente. En la formaci\u00f3n del magnetar, el n\u00facleo super-compacto de la estrella que ha muerto, las capas externas de la estrella masiva rebotan con el n\u00facleo y salen expelidas a grandes velocidades produciendo una explosi\u00f3n de supernova muy luminosa a la cual se acopla la energ\u00eda de rotaci\u00f3n del magnetar.<\/p>\n

ASASSN-15lh ha emitido tanta energ\u00eda que incluso el escenario m\u00e1s aceptado hasta ahora para explicar las supernovas superluminosas probablemente no sea el adecuado. En cambio, es posible que supernovas como ASASSN-15lh sean producidos por la muerte de estrellas supermasivas o que el mecanismo de esta tremenda explosi\u00f3n sea completamente distinto al de otras supernovas superluminosas. \u201cLa respuesta honesta es que en este momento no sabemos cu\u00e1l es la fuente de poder de ASASSN-15lh\u201d, dice Dong. \u201cEs realmente un objeto fascinante y \u00fanico. Esperamos tratar de empezar a responder algunas de las interrogantes con las observaciones que obtendremos en el pr\u00f3ximo a\u00f1o\u201d, comenta Prieto.<\/p>\n

<\/h6>\n
Main Caption:<\/strong> Impresi\u00f3n art\u00edstica de la supernova superluminosa ASASSN-15lh, r\u00e9cord hist\u00f3rico de luminosidad en explosiones de supernova, como se ver\u00eda desde un exoplaneta que se encuentra a 10 mil a\u00f1os luz en la galaxia donde explot\u00f3 la supernova. (Cr\u00e9ditos: Beijing Planetarium \/ Jin Ma)<\/em><\/h6>\n
Imagen 1:<\/strong>\u00a0Dos de los telescopios \u00f3pticos de 14 cent\u00edmetros de di\u00e1metro que utiliza el proyecto All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) con los cu\u00e1les se descubri\u00f3 ASASSN-15lh en Junio del 2015 en Cerro Tololo, Chile. Desde que se tom\u00f3 esta foto se han agregado dos telescopios m\u00e1s para obtener im\u00e1genes de todo el cielo Austral desde Cerro Tololo. (Cr\u00e9ditos: Wayne Rosing)<\/em><\/h6>\n
Imagen 2:<\/strong> Izquierda: Imagen obtenida con el Dark Energy Camera (DECam) de la galaxia donde explot\u00f3 ASASSN-15lh. Derecha: Imagen que muestra la supernova ASASSN-15lh obtenida con un telescopio de 1 metro de di\u00e1metro de Las Cumbres Global Telescope Network (LCOGTN). (Cr\u00e9ditos: The Dark Energy Survey, B. Shappee y el proyecto ASAS-SN)<\/em><\/h6>\n

M\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n:<\/b><\/p>\n

P\u00e1gina web del proyecto ASAS-SN<\/a><\/p>\n

Comunicado extendido<\/a>[:]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[:en] It would be 20 times brighter at its peak than the light of the Milky Way and 200 times brighter than a normal supernova explosion. 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